
We'll take a look at some problems that people can have withtheir skin & skeletal systems. We'll take a look at Skin Cancer, as well as differentiate between different types of broken bones, and some other skeletal issues.
Let's take a look at skin...
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Benign tumors such as warts and moles are not serious.
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Malignant tumors can start on the skin and invade other body areas.
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Crucial risk factor - overexposure to UV radiation.
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Basal cell carcinoma
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most common, 30% of all white skin people get it.
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Arises from the stratum basale layer of the skin
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99% curable if caught early
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Dome shaped nodules that form an ulcer in the center.
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Small red rounded elevation on the skin
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Grows rapidly and metastasizes (spreads) if not removed
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Arise from stratum spinosum
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Melanoma
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Cancer of melanocytes (very dangerous)
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5% of skin cancers but rising fast
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Can arise from preexisting moles
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Appears as a spreading brown or black patch
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Chance of survival is poor if the lesion is greate than 4 mm thick
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ABCD Rule Used for recognizing melanoma
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A - Asymmetry: sides of pigmented mole do not match
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B - Border: borders are not smooth
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C - Color: lesion has multiple colors
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D - Diameter: larger than 6 mm in diamete
(size of a pencil eraser)
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Burns can range from an inconvenience to life threatening
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Burns may cause
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Catastrophic loss of body fluids
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Dehydration and fatal circulatory shock
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Infection
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Skin Cancer
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There are 3 Types of Burns
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First-degree
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epidermis damaged
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redness, swelling, pain (e.g. sunburn)
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2-3 days to heal
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Second-degree
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epidermis and upper layers of dermis damaged
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blistering can occur
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3-4 weeks to heal
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Third-degree
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affects entire thickness of skin:
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epidermis
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dermis
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into hypodermis
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Burns
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Cancer



Critical burns requires immediate medical attention.
These burns are potentially life threatening, disfiguring, and disabling.
Critical Burns
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More than 25% of the body has second-degree burns
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More than 10% of the body has third-degree burns
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Third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet
Let's take a look at the skeleton...
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Fractures - Broken Bones
Types of bone fractures
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Closed (simple) fracture
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break does not penetrate the skin
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Open (compound) fracture
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broken bone penetrates through the skin
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Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
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Realignment of the bone

A sprain, also known known as torn ligament, is damage to one or more ligaments in a joint, often caused by trauma or the joint being taken beyond its functional range of motion.
The severity of sprain ranges from a minor injury which resolves in a few days to a major rupture of one or more ligaments requiring surgical fixation and a period of immobilisation.
Sprains can occur in any joint but are most common in the ankle and wrist.
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Pain is equal to that of a fracture
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Sprains - Broken Bones

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a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.Bone is broken down faster than it can be built
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Osteoporosis "Brittle Bones"
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Tend to fracture easily
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Risk factors for osteoporosis
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Inadequate calcium
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Little weight-bearing exercise
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Drinking alcohol, smoking
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Being female: decreased estrogen secretion after menopause
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Small frame
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Caucasian or Asian ethnicity

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softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
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Lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate
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Affects children ages 6-24 months
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Leads to bowlegs
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Osteomalacia (Rickets):

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May spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body
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Bone Cancer:
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Ewing’s sarcoma
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Osteosarcoma
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Chondrosarcoma
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Curvature of the spine
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Usually occurs during the growth spurt just prior to puberty
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Cause is unknown
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Scoliosis

Dislocation is an injury to a joint — a place where two or more of your bones come together — in which the ends of your bones are forced from their normal positions. This painful injury temporarily deforms and immobilizes your joint.
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Dislocation

The inflammation of a bursa, typically one in the knee, elbow or shoulder.
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Bursitis


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Painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.
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Several Types
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Osteoarthritis
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Fibromyalgia
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Gout
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"Cracking" your knucles does not cause arthritis.
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Arthritis

